Bring a pot of well-salted water to a boil. Cook 8 ounces cavatappi until al dente. Reserve 1/4 cup pasta water, drain, and set aside.
Heat 1/2 tablespoon olive oil in a large skillet or Dutch oven over medium heat. Cook 1/2 chopped onion, 1/2 diced carrot, and optional 1/2 celery stalk for about 5 minutes. Add 1 minced garlic clove and cook 30 seconds.
Add 1/2 pound ground beef, season lightly with salt and pepper, and cook until browned, breaking it into small pieces.
Stir in 1 tablespoon tomato paste and cook 1 minute. Add 1/4 cup red wine and simmer 2 minutes, scraping up browned bits. Add 1/4 cup beef broth, 12 ounces marinara, 1/2 teaspoon Worcestershire, and 1/2 teaspoon Italian seasoning. Simmer uncovered 12 to 15 minutes.
Stir in 1/4 cup milk or cream and simmer 2 to 3 minutes more. Add 2 tablespoons fresh herbs and adjust seasoning.
While the sauce finishes, heat 1/2 tablespoon olive oil in a small skillet. Toast 1/4 cup panko with 1/4 teaspoon garlic powder and a pinch of salt and pepper for 2 to 3 minutes, until golden.
Toss the cooked cavatappi with the meat sauce. Add reserved pasta water a tablespoon at a time only if needed. Divide between two bowls and finish with Parmesan and the toasted breadcrumbs.